Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Toyota Brand Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Brand Analysis - Essay Example Stronghold - the brand should convey a reliable picture after some time to fortify its place in the buyer's mind and build up an extraordinary relationship with the customer. Brand expansions can additionally sustain the brand, yet just with related items having an apparent fit in the psyche of the buyer. An organization may have many brand names, yet each gathering should fit well together. At the point when Toyota needed to contend in the extravagance vehicle showcase, another brand called Lexus was made. This abstained from muddying the set up Toyota brand name, which speaks to esteem and economy, and expelled any conceivable negative previously established inclinations about the Lexus name being modest. The unique fortunes of two vehicles made by a similar maker offer a unintended investigation of the influence of brand system to adjust conduct. Since 1989, both the Toyota Corolla and the Geo Prizm have been made by New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), a joint endeavor of General Motors and Toyota. While the two vehicles are virtual twins, the Corolla has had reliably more grounded deals regardless of a more significant expense. Why The quality of Toyota's image permitted it to charge more, says The Economist. Purchasers figured a Toyota would be better than a GM vehicle in a similar class, thus cheerfully paid more. The impact of brand value on benefit and development is striking. ... Purchasers figured a Toyota would be better than a GM vehicle in a similar class, thus cheerfully paid more. The impact of brand value on benefit and development is striking. While the two vehicles cost the equivalent to make-about $10,300-Toyota offered 200,000 Corollas to sellers at $11,000 each, while GM figured out how to move just 80,000 Geo Prizms at $10,700 somewhere in the range of 1990 and 1994, The Economist notes. The outcome: Toyota made $128 million more than GM in working benefits from NUMMI, while its sellers made $107 million more than those of GM from the plant's items. Toyota Motor Corp. (TM ) is poised to be the world's No. 1 car producer by 2008. It delivers about one of each six vehicles sold in the U.S., remembering nine models for the South and Midwest, where it utilizes 32,000 Americans. Indeed, even New York uniform taxi armadas, once to a great extent comprised of rugged Lincolns, presently include Toyota's Prius, the hit mixture overwhelming waterfront urban communities. Toyota to a great extent remains backwoods to American financial specialists, while GM can in any case pull in purchasers even as it plays with chapter 11. Toyota stock doesn't have the 'mind share' of GM or Ford, says John M. Novak, an auto examiner at Chicago's Morningstar Inc. There's a discernment that you can't put resources into it [because] it's a Japanese organization - that you would require an extraordinary record. ( Business week) Toyota Strengths: In 2003 Toyota thumped its opponents Ford into third spot, to turn into the World's second biggest carmaker with 6.78 million units. The organization is still behind opponents General Motors with 8.59 million units in a similar period. Its solid industry position depends on various elements including a differentiated item go, exceptionally focused on advertising and a promise to lean assembling and quality. The organization makes an enormous scope of

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Sustainable Space Tourism Consumer Behavior

Question: Depict about the Sustainable Space Tourism for Consumer Behavior? Answer: Presentation Extravagance item or administration in financial aspects is named as any item or administration that carries on independently from the law of interest. Interest for extravagance items rise when salary of an individual increments thoroughly are devoured by individuals with more significant level of discretionary cashflow, and are commonly that are treated as a belonging to flaunt (Duval and Hall 2015). For this specific venture, the extravagance item picked is Virgin Galactic Space Tourism. Extravagance the travel industry when characterized states the significant level of desire and prevalence of administrations and producing more elevated level of fulfillment by bringing about higher measure of consumptions. This specific fragment of room the travel industry is considered as lavish basically in light of the greater expense inclusion and its capacity to treat the explorers with the extraordinary extension to imagine the scene dwelling place and magnificence of the planet from the sky (Hall and Page 2014). The objective market of room the travel industry is recognized as follows: Age factor: Age factor is the most urgent determinant of room the travel industry. By and large, individuals having a place with the age gathering of 20-45 years are increasingly hesitant towards undertaking space the travel industry. Inclusion of experience and eagerness to appreciate stratospheric excellence and scene make this specific the travel industry an ideal counterpart for youthful and moderately aged individuals (Ma and Hassink 2013). Area factor: Location factor is another significant subordinate of the travel industry as taste and inclination of individuals with respect to decision of the travel industry spot decides if the travel industry movement will thrive or not. Appealing areas and its capacity to give experience and in particular treat individuals with the undertakings of the sky is another factor that will exceptionally manage space the travel industry (Reddy Nica and Wilkes 2012). Salary example and costs: Level of pay and example of use of people are considered as another determinant of the travel industry. Space the travel industry being costly in nature, in this way, individuals having a place with higher pay bunch is increasingly powerless towards benefiting this specific the travel industry administration. Along these lines, cost example of individuals develops to be another rules for focusing available. Individuals who are commonly intrigued towards expensing extravagantly to treat themselves with new administrations can be another characteristics for prospering space the travel industry. In the wake of looking into the potential factors that manages space the travel industry the two most significant variables that will decidedly feature the objective - advertise is subject to singular attributes of higher salary age and individuals having a place with the recognized age gathering (Ringer 2013). Techniques Business feature Virgin galactic space the travel industry is the most recent prologue to the travel industry; where committed experts like specialists, researchers have required the exertion of presenting the principal business space liner airplane offices for the fans ready to investigate the grand magnificence of the earth from the space. The organization expects to give space sightseers suborbital space flights and partakes in suborbital dispatches of little satellites and science missions. Indeed, even the sightseers should be furnished with the administration of riding controlled helium expands that would be taking them over the mists (Thurlow and Jaworski 2013). So as to feature the motivation behind why individuals like to pick extravagance the travel industry as their decision or inclination are featured through audit of the various components that creates inclination of individuals towards leading space the travel industry. These are: Changes in client esteems: Changes in the estimations of clients with respect to utilization of extravagance items has been one of the prime explanations for developing patterns of extravagance the travel industry. By and by, people have gotten increasingly slanted and pulled in towards a specific help that gives them a sentiment of uniqueness and experience something that gives more significant level of fulfillment (Webber 2013). Changes in example of business: With changing example of interest of the buyers, the specialist organizations are additionally guided towards offering separated types of assistance to remain ahead in rivalry. Specialist co-ops or visit administrators began to give visit administrations to extraordinary places and undertakings and presentation of room the travel industry currently decides the splendor of picturing scene excellence from the stratosphere (Duval and Hall 2015). Buyer conduct factor is reliant on some basic factors, for example, sociological factor. Social components are viewed as the most significant variables that directs extravagance the travel industry. The two most significant sociological components that decide the age and prospering of space the travel industry are expressed as follows: Social classes-People having a place with various classes and parts of the general public by and large have wants of treating themselves with various sorts of administrations. Level of pay and example of speculation are the two significant attributes behind benefiting a specific assistance. Nonetheless, from the setting of extravagance the travel industry, explicitly space the travel industry, individuals having a place with more significant level of society with more elevated level of buying power are commonly disposed towards profiting this specific assistance (Ringer 2013). Patterns of culture-Highlighting the variables out from the idea of general financial matters, extravagance the travel industry doesn't keep the law of interest. Temporary fad impact is viewed as one of the prime explanations for benefiting this specific type of administrations. Space the travel industry being considered as an example and pattern of ubiquity and something to flaunt, individuals will be commonly intrigued towards featuring their decision and inclination. Social pattern of room the travel industry being on the higher side, individuals for the most part like to be connected with the administration having more noteworthy brand worth and recommendation (Hall and Page 2014). Result/Findings Figure 1: Increased pace of development the travel industry structure 2010 and projections until 2017 (Source :Webber 2013) In the wake of experiencing the adjustments in the example of the travel industry in everywhere throughout the world, it very well may be expressed that space the travel industry has been rising as one of the trendiest example of the travel industry action. In 2010, 16.1 % individuals were intrigued towards profiting space the travel industry action and the patterns have ascended in the next years with 18.9% of all out number of visitors have taken space visits. In the forthcoming years, the travel industry movement in this specific area is required to ascend to 19.4% in 2017 (Reddy Nica and Wilkes 2012). End In the wake of surveying the patterns of room the travel industry, it very well may be expressed that, space the travel industry will appreciate monstrous notoriety in the up and coming years and expanded movement from the individuals having a place with the higher salary gathering and by and large having a place with lower age gathering. Extravagance the travel industry unquestionably features the elements like buying intensity of people and developing patterns of outrageous experience the travel industry. Reference Duval, D.T. what's more, Hall, C.M., 2015. Practical space tourism.The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, p.450. Lobby, M.C. what's more, Page, S.J., 2014.The topography of the travel industry and amusement: Environment, spot and space. Routledge. Mama, M. what's more, Hassink, R., 2013. A transformative point of view on the travel industry zone development.Annals of Tourism Research,41, pp.89-109. Reddy, M.V., Nica, M. what's more, Wilkes, K., 2012. Space the travel industry: Research proposals for the eventual fate of the business and points of view of potential participants.Tourism Management,33(5), pp.1093-1102. Ringer, G. ed., 2013.Destinations: social scenes of the travel industry. Routledge. Stangl, B., Kastner, M. what's more, Polsterer, F., 2012, January. Social Virtual Worlds' Success Factors: Four Studies' Insights for the Tourism Supply and Demand Side. InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 993-1002). IEEE. Thurlow, C. furthermore, Jaworski, A., 2013. Visibleinvisible: The social semiotics of work in extravagance tourism.Elite Mobilities, pp.176-193. Webber, D., 2013. Space the travel industry: Its history, future and importance.Acta Astronautica,92(2), pp.138-143.

Monday, August 10, 2020

12 Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree That Pay Over $50,000

12 Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree That Pay Over $50,000 12 Jobs That Pay Over $50,000, No College Degree Required 12 Jobs That Pay Over $50,000, No College Degree RequiredNo college degree? No problem for these career paths.While paying for college can leave you with a mountain of debt, looking for a job  with no college degree comes with a host of troubles too.  Tons of jobs require those degrees right off the bat, which can drastically narrow your search before you’ve even begun.And many of the jobs that are left over don’t pay nearly as well. Working a low-paying job while trying to support a family is exactly the kind of thing that leaves you vulnerable to predatory bad credit loans and title loans.Luckily, this isn’t true in all cases. If you only have a high school diploma, there are many jobs you can get that that still pay pretty well! That’s why looked through the latest info from the U.S. Bureau of Labor statistics and picked out 12 primo jobsâ€"all with average annual salaries above $50,000â€"that don’t require a college degree.Enjoy!1. Elevator installers and repairers $7 8,890 per yearWhile this job doesn’t require a high school diploma, it will require an apprenticeship. In 35 states, you’ll also need to be licensed. But if you can get the gig, you’ll be bringing in a very nice wage! The Bureau predicts that this field will grow 13 percent between 2014 and 2024. It’s not like we could have cities (or any tall buildings) without elevators, right?2.  Transportation inspectors $72,220  per yearThis field includes inspectors for both freight and passenger transportation. Odds are you’ll be working in the rail or auto repair industry or for a branch of the government. Sure, this a job that can come with serious consequences if you screw up, but with an average annual wage in the low 70’s, it’s worth it.3.  Gaming managers $69,180  per yearNo this doesn’t mean managing a Game Stop or a DD store. It means working in the gambling industry. While this is a job you might have to work up toâ€"climbing through the ranksâ€"it’s not like the gambling industry’s going to go anywhere. Even with the advent of internet gambling, there’s something about casinos (the stale smell of sadness and cigarettes) that just can’t be beat.4.  Subway and streetcar operators $64,680  per yearWe’re based in Chicago, which has a pretty fantastic public transportation system, so trust us when we tell you that cities literally could not function without people working these jobs. Sadly, unless there’s a huge boom in local rail construction, these jobs will continue to be less widely available than many of the other ones on this list.5.  Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators $63,680  per yearThis is a great job for someone who doesn’t want to sit around an office all day, as these folks are often going out and inspecting prospective claims. Higher-up positions might require a bachelor’s degree.While the Bureau doesn’t predict a ton of growth for these roles (3% from 2014 to 2024), there will always be a market for t hem. People will keep screwing up and/or trying to pull a fast one. It’s what we do!6.  Boilermakers $62,980  per yearUntil we can make buildings that warm themselves, boiler’s ain’t going nowhere. This is another job that usually requires an apprenticeship program (and it helps if you some prior welding) experience. Plus, the work itself can be difficult and dangerous, and you can find yourself working away from home for months at a time. If you want a job where you can earn a great wage working with your hands, then check it out.7.  Construction and building inspectors $58,480  per yearThis is a good job for someone who’s been working construction for a while, as industry experience is a big plusâ€"bordering on a “must-have.” Its availability is tied to the construction industry (more building built = more buildings being inspected) and the Bureau predicts that it’ll grow 8 percent through 2024.8.  Postal service workers $56,790  per yearIn general, getting a job at the post office is a great idea if you’re looking for a solid job that doesn’t require a college degree. Post office clerks are based in the post-office itself, which means that the job has a heavy customer service aspect to it.If you’re into something a little more outdoorsyâ€"and like dogsâ€"then being a mail carrier might be a better fit.9.  Electricians $52,720  per yearBy this point, you’ve probably noticed that a lot of these jobs are related to construction. That’s not surprising! A lot of these jobs require hard work, experience, and knowledgeâ€"just not the kind you’ll get with a bachelor’s degree!Becoming an electrician requires an apprenticeshipâ€"and always carries the risk of getting shockedâ€"but it’s a great job with a bright (pun intended) future. And if you’re sneaky, like this basketball-obsessed electrician, you can leave your mark on a building for years to come.10. Telecommunications line installers and repairers $52,590  per yearWe cannot stress this enough: If you are afraid of heights, this is not the job for you. And remember that “risk of being shocked” that we mentioned with electricians? Yeah, that’s also a huge risk here. Being a line worker is a good job it’s just not necessarily the safest. It  requires extensive on-the-job training and/or an apprenticeship.11. Sales representatives $52,490  per yearAh, yes. Sales. The world’s second-oldest profession. There are a wide array of sales positions out there, from Best Buy to IBM to Glengarry Glen Ross. These positions can be tough, with a high turnover and a lot of sketchy employers, but they represent a fantastic opportunity for someone who has a knack for itâ€"college degree not required. Just remember your ABCs: Always Be Closing.12. Hearing aid specialists $50,250  per yearThis is a job that you probably haven’t considered, but it’s definitely one that you should look into. As a hearing aid specialist you will administer hearing tests, take ear impressions, design ear molds, and other duties related to hearing aids.As the U.S. population ages over the next couple decades, this demand for this job is only going to increase.  That’s probably why the Bureau predicts a 27 percent rise in hearing aid specialists positions by 2024.Have you had experience searching for a job without a college degree? We want to hear what that’s been like for you! You can  email us  or you can find us on Twitter at @Opploans.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Public sector organization of India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4525 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? 1. Executive Summary: Public sector is purely assets that remain in state that its ownership is purely and transparently public and it is process of outsourcing. The public sector comprises that organisation which provides service to the public and for which a charge may or may not be made and funded from public expenditure and which are subject at some level to political control. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public sector organization of India" essay for you Create order Public sector reorganising in India has been a big topic of debate for a number of years and it has come under scrutiny of expert committees for reason. Public sector undertakings are the major drivers of growth of Indian economy. Apart from financial benefits, these organizations have contributed a lot to the development of Indian society. For the analysis of management of the public sector, I have selected a leading public sector organization in oil and gas sector. This organization is a leading organization in the field of natural gas transportation and marketing in India. It also has a dominant presence in petrochemical business and one of the top three players in India. This report analysis deals with the current organizational structure of the organization, its strengths and weaknesses, global industry landscape, evaluation of industry in India, the critical issues faced by the management and managements strategy for the future. At last I am trying to explore the respo nse of the top management regarding these critical issues and trying to draw my own conclusion and recommendation on the management of that public sector organization. 2.Introduction: For the analysis of Public Sector Management, I have selected a leading public sector organization of India. This public sector undertaking (PSU) is in the oil and gas sector and is one of the leading organizations in the transportation and marketing of natural gas in India. This organization was set up by government of India to create gas sector infrastructure for sustained development of natural gas sector in India. The organization called itself as an integrated gas company and has presence in the entire value of natural gas including exploration and production, processing of natural gas, transmission, distribution and marketing. Today, the organization has reached new milestones with its strategic diversification into Petrochemicals, Telecom and Liquid Hydrocarbons besides gas infrastructure through equity and joint ventures participations. The organization has a dominant position in natural gas business in India and has 78% market share in natural gas transmission and 70% m arket share in natural gas marketing in India. It also processes the natural gas and markets the C2, C3, C4 products (Ethane, Propane, and Butane etc). Ethan is used in its own petrochemical plant. Propane, Butane and other high carbon compounds are marketed to other Indian oil companies and are used to produce LPG for domestic and industrial consumption. It is also a leading player in the Indian petrochemical sector thanks to its gas based petrochemical plant which has a capacity of 410000 TPA (Tones per annum). It has an ambitious plan to expand capacity of its petrochemical to 1.5 MMTPA in next five years by expanding the existing operation and setting up new petrochemical plants in different parts of India and abroad. Currently the organization has limited presence in power sector but planning to enter in a big way in near future considering the huge demand of electricity in India and encouraging government policies. The organization is planning to make it big in the city gas di stribution sector by supply natural gas over more than 1000 cities of India. The organization also has presence in a few international market through joint ventures and subsidiaries though the international exposure is quite limited compared to other oil and gas giants. Apart from natural gas, our chosen organization also has limited exposure in telecom domain through their 13,000 Km long optical fibre cable network. In terms of financial performance, the organization has done very well in last few years and has a turnover of Rs 237760 million in 2008-09 with a net profit of Rs 28040 million. Total number of employees in the organization is around 4000. The financial performance of the organization is given bellow. Vision of our chosen public sector undertaking is to be a leading company in the natural gas domain and beyond with global focus, customer care and create value for all the stakeholders of the company and take care of the environment. The company is trying to achiev e its vision through its mission statement which says that the organization accelerate and optimize the use of natural gas to benefit the Indian economy. 3.Organization Structure: The organization structure of our chosen organization is similar to the typical public sector undertakings. The employees can be divided into two large segments Executives and Non executives. As per the 2009 data, total number of employees in the organization is 3700. In terms of levels, in executive cadre, the organization has 9 layers (E1 to E9). Each of the employee layers, their designations and strength is mentioned in the below table. To join in the executive cadre, one needs a professional degree as bare minimum qualification. The new entrants join the organization in the level of executive trainee (E1 Level). After completing the training period which lasts for one year, they are promoted the E2 level. Most of the promotions are time bound and performance based. It implies that for getting considered for promotion to the next grade, one need to spend a minimum number of years in that level. After completing the required number of years, the selection board compromising o f board of directors selects the deserving candidates based upon the individual performance. Government plays a very important role in the higher level promotions as ministry of petroleum and natural gas of India indirectly decided the number of promotions that to be made after E5 level as the final list has to be approved by the ministry. E9 or the executive director is the highest position that one employee can reach through departmental promotion. Board level positioned are completely decided by the ministry and done by open recruitment. When there a position on the board has to be filled, an apex committee called â€Å"Public Enterprise Selection Board (PESB)† invites open application from all the eligible candidates and after conducting interview with shortlisted candidates, they finalized the candidate for the board level position. The final selection has to be approved by the ministry of petroleum and natural gas. In non executive level, the organization has 7 le vels (S0 to S8). After completing the S8 level, the non executive got promoted to the executive cadre. The organization is mainly executive dominant as only 1051 or the 28% of the total employee strength works in the non executive cadre. Rest 2649 or 72% of the total employees are in executive cadre. Hierarchical Levels Name of the Designations Total Number CMD Chairman Managing Director 1 DIRECTORS Functional Director 4 E9 Executive Director 13 E8 General Manager 54 E7 Deputy General Manager 97 E6 Chief Manager 202 E5 Senior Manager 375 E4 Manager 661 E3 Deputy Manager 352 E2 Senior Officer/ Senior Engineer 708 E1 Executive Trainee / Engineer/ Officer 182 S7 Junior Engineer 275 S6 Superintendent 356 S5 Assistant Grade I 53 S4 Assistant Grade II 171 S3 Attendant Grade I 140 S2 Attendant Grade II 9 S1 Attendant Grade III 16 S0 Attendant Trainee 31 Total =3700 Table 1: Organizational Hierarchy Selection is done through both open recruitment and campus interview process for both the executive and non executive cadre. 4.Educational Profile of the employees: As the organization is executive dominant that need at least one professional qualification while entering, the average education level of the organization is very high. The technical team of the organization consists of around 1100 engineers who basically look after the erection and commissioning, operation and maintenance of natural gas and LPG pipelines. They also take care of the operation and maintenance of the petrochemical plant located in the north India. Apart from engineers, the organization has over one hundred MBAs for looking after different business segments specially marketing division. Finance, one of the key ingredients of business, is entrusted with finance professionals, mostly Chartered Accountants and Cost Accountants. Professionals from Humanities are present in the human resource department and have brought about the creative and the artistic aspect of the company to the fore. 5.Management Structure of the organization: Top management of our chosen organization consists of chairman and managing director of the organization, 4 full time directors, 2 part time directors who represent the government of India in board meeting, 5 part time non official directors (independent directors). Full time directors represent the different functional areas of the organization which includes finance, human resource, projects and marketing. Its board also has position for one chief vigilance officer and one company secretary. All of the board members are highly qualified and have diverse background which helps board to bring fresh prospective while deciding the future strategy of the organization. 6.SWOT Analysis: 6.1Strength of the organization: A. Small and flexible Compared to the other public sector organization, with a few thousand employees this organization is one of the smallest public sector undertakings in India. So there is better communication between the management and employees. The average profit per employee is close to Rs 7 million. So management can take well informed decision and can take view of all the employees regarding its future strategy. B. Highly educated manpower This organization is executive dominant. So the large section of the employee base is equipped with professional qualification. Apart from basic professional degrees, many of the employee opted for higher studies thanks to the encouraging education policies of the organization. C.Government support and backing As a public sector organization, government of India in the major equity holder in this organization and has a share holding of 70%. So in many cases the organization enjoys the constant support of Indian government. 6.2 Weakness of the Organization: A.High response time As a government entity it has a bureaucratic style of functioning and this leads to higher response time. In many cases, it is not possible for the organization to make a fast move to counter the moves of its competitors. As most of its competitors are private entities, they can take faster decision regarding investment. 6.3 Opportunities: A.High demand of natural gas TheIndian energy sector is booming in last few decades thanks to the high demand emerged from the growing Indian economy and natural gas has emerged as a major source of energy. In India, coal is mainly used for the source of energy as India has huge amount of low grade coal. But slowly natural gas is emerged as another source due to low cost and its environment friendliness nature. The demand for natural gas in India is primarily driven by power and fertilizer sector. The capital cost of setting up natural gas based power plant is low compared to coal based power plant and it take less time to set up such plants due to compact nature. In fertilizer sector, the gas based plant has a high efficiency rate and the unit cost of production is much less compared to naphtha based fertilizer plant. Also government policy of issuing fresh licenses only to the fertilizer plants based on natural gas has increased the demand manifolds. B. Environmental concern Natural gas is the cleanest of all the fossil fuel available. Now the whole world is looking for green energy and alternative clean fuel. As coal not so cleaner fuel and contributed a lot to the emission of greenhouse gases, natural has had an advantage over coal as it is much cleaner as no greenhouse gases are emitted from the burning of natural gas. Natural gas gives less CO2 gas if burned in a furnace or closed chamber and also has a higher efficiency rate. As per the research, per unit of energy its combustion produces 30% less carbon dioxide than oil, and about 45% less carbon dioxide than coal (naturalgas.org, 2010).After the Copenhagen summit, we can expect stringent environment regulations in place to reduce the harmful emission and adoption of cleaner fuels. In this scenario, natural gas will be dominant source of future energy basket. C. Development of fuel cell technology Currently many researches is going on the fuel cell technology to use natural gas an input. Fuel cells are battery like devices that use hydrogen to generate electricity. This is a very clean technology as the byproduct water and no greenhouse gasses are emitted in the process. Natural gas can supply this hydrogen as it is a rich source of hydrogen. In near future, fuel cell technology can change the dynamics of the world energy scenario and natural gas will be a key driver (naturalgas.org, 2010). Our organization is tied up with many research institutes to help the development process of fuel cell technology. D.Transportation Sector Transportation sector is one of the largest contributors of air pollution in the world. Transportation vehicles like truck, busses, cars etc emits greenhouse and poisonous gases like CO, NO, NO2, CO2, SO2 etc which pollutes the surroundings and creates problems like smog and low visibility (Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics, 2010). Use of natural gas a transportation fuel cut down the level of emission. So there are initiatives to use natural gas as a major transportation fuel. Indian government is also pushing natural gas for city gas distribution which can reduce the demand for LPG and also in transportation though CNG. Delhi has the largest fleet of public transportation system in the world which runs on CNG (naturalgas.org, 2010). 6.4 Threats: A. Changing regulation in Oil and gas sector The Indian Oil and gas market is regulated one but it is slowly moving towards an unregulated one. Earlier as a government entity, the organization enjoys complete monopoly and the full freedom and support of government in natural gas sector. But in the recent development, government of India has introduced a regulator to look after the market development. To increase the completion and to break the monopoly, the regulator has changed the playing rules which effects the organization as the market is now open for private players too which bring intense completion in the natural gas sector. In end of 2006, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India has issued a new policy guideline which permitted to have up to 100% equity stakes in pipeline projects by national oil companies, foreign investors and private domestic companies. Now even the transmission tariff is decided by the regulators and new pipeline infrastructure is build after inviting open tender. Earlier, foreign p layers couldnt enter into the oil and gas sector as Indian government considered the sector as sensitive and having strategic importance. Now they can participate in different projects and can invest alone, as an equity partner or joint venture partner (Natural gas, 2009). B. No own source of gas The organization is not very strong in exploration and production areas and primly depends on the other producers to get the natural gas. For this organization, the biggest source of natural gas sourcing is another largest public sector entity of India. But the oil and natural gas fields of that entity is drying up gradually and in near future, it can create problem for our PSU to get natural gas for marketing and it will dry up the revenue. 7. Third party Issues: The organization is facing many issues with government and other public and private organization of oil and gas sector. Some of these issues are enlightened below. 7.1 Legal battle: The organization is facing many legal battles with customers and producers of the natural gas regarding the price of natural gas. The major battle is with a leading private sector organization of India regarding the price of natural gas. Our chosen public sector organization has entered in a long term contracts with the private producer to supply gas at $2.32/ MMBTU but later the private company charged $4.2/ MMBTU as per the new policy of the ministry of petroleum and natural gas. Now the case is under the supervision of honourable Supreme Court of India. 7.2 Disinvestment: As per their long term strategy, Indian government is planning to disinvest all the profit making public sector undertakings so that they can contribute more to the development of nations. The additional money can be use for funding other infrastructure projects undertaken by the government. 8. Strategic Issue: One of the key strategic issues that our chosen organization is facing since last few years is the sourcing of natural gas in India. The demand of natural gas is increasing in India day by day and there is a huge demand supply mismatch in India. Securing gas supply is always a problem for most of the nations and India is also facing that. There are two alternatives to bridge this natural gas demand supply gap in India Increase the domestic production of India or import natural gas from producing countries like Russia, Middle East, and Africa etc. Here I am trying to analyse both the alternatives and the response of the management to deal with this situation. 9. Global Natural gas Industry: The analysis of global natural gas industry can be done in two dimensions the supply side economics and the consumption. From supply point of view, proven natural gas reserve in world is around 185.2 trillion cubic metres (TCM) as per the BP statistical review published in 2009. Out of this, more than 75% of the total proven reserves are found in Middle East and Eurasia. In 2009, the total production of natural gas across the world was 3065.6 billion cubic metres. The world production was led by Russia Federation with estimated production of 602 billion cubic meters followed by United States with 582 billion cubic meters and Canada with 175 billion cubic meters. Among Middle East countries, Iran was the highest producer of natural gas with a production of 116 billion cubic meters. Being an efficient and clean fuel compared to other fossil fuels, demand for the natural gas is surging. The comparative comparison of natural gas with other fossil fuel is given bellow. Fixed Cost (cents/kWh) Variable Cost (cents/kWh) Total Cost (cents/kWh) Coal 4.1 3.3 7.4 Natural gas 2.8 7.8 10.6 Nuclear 8 0.8 8.8 Wind 8.2 0 8.2 Table 2: Power Generation Costs for Various Energy Sources in 2008 (Montana Environmental Information Center, 2010) Energy return on Energy Invested Coal-fired power plant 2.5 Nuclear power 4.5 Hydroelectric power 10 Wind power 35 Natural gas 10.3 Table 3: Energy Return by Source in 2008 (Suzlon FY 07-08 Annual Report, 2008) From consumption point of view, Total global consumption of natural gas in 2008 was anticipated to be 3018.7 billion cubic metres (BCM). The major consuming countries of natural gas are United Stated with a annual consumption of 657 billion cubic meters (BCM) followed by Russian Federation with 420 billion cubic meters (BCM), Iran with 117 billion cubic meters (BCM)and Canada with billion cubic meters (BCM) (BP Statistical review, 2009). If we analyse industry wise, the industrial sector consumes the highest amount of natural gas followed by power sector. As per the data released by Energy Information Administration in 2009, the industrial consumption of natural gas going to increase many folds and is expected to be around 40% of total global consumption by 2030 (EIA, 2009). 10. Natural gas Sector scenario of India: Indias total proven natural gas reserves was about 1.08 Trillion Cubic Metres (TCM). The total gas production in the country was about 31.8 Billion cubic metres (BCM) (Natural gas, 2009). Major part of the natural gas production in India comes from the western cost and the Bombay High region. Other major natural gas producing areas in the countries are Assam, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Domestic production is not enough for meeting the demand. So India imports natural gas in the form of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) from Middle East countries. From the demand side, power and fertilizer are the two most demanding sector and this two together completes almost 70% of the total natural gas consumption of India. The sector wise consumption of natural gas is given below.If we see the primary energy consumption data of India and compare it with the world average, then we can see that there is huge scope in the natural gas sector. In India, natural gas constitutes 9% of the primary energy ba sket where as 24% of the total world primary energy basket is filled by natural gas 11. Managerial Response of the organization: To counter the increasing competition and to accelerate the growth, the top management of the organization has developed a long term strategy which addressed the future need and growth of the organization in India and abroad. This strategy is also going to deal with the strategic issue of sourcing that we have mention earlier. The strategy of our chosen organization focused on the four areas. Protect Natural Gas Business Natural Gas Trading Natural Gas Transmission Upstream integration (Organic Inorganic Growth) Downstream integration (Organic Inorganic Growth) Global diversification across value chain Core strength of our chosen organization is natural gas transmission and marketing. Around 70% of the total revenue comes from this two business segment. But the competition is increasing in these two segments after the changes in the law. The latest regulation in the oil and gas sector has given the exclusive marketing right to the producer of natural gas in India. As the producer started to market their own natural gas production, the marketing share of our organization started to erode. So the first priority of the organization is to protect its prime revenue source. The management is planning to lay new gas and LPG pipelines and create a nationwide natural gas networks for distribution of natural gas efficiently. It is also looking to tie up with the producers to transport and market their gas. The second strategic decision of the organization is to go for upstream integration. Apart from organic growth, it may go for inorganic integration for securing a quick growth. For in organic growth, it is looking for merger and acquisition with similar kind of organization in both India and abroad. Right now it has a few subsidiaries and joint ventures in countries like Egypt, China and Singapore. The prime motive behind the upstream organization is to secure the source of gas for transportation and marketing. Right now the organization has 24 EP blocks in India including 3 CBM blocks and 3 EP blocks aboard. Management is looking for participate in the bidding process of more and more EP blocks to secure more natural gas. In downstream integration, the organization is looking for businesses like power, fertilizer and petrochemicals to get more revenue. Currently the organization has small presence in the power sector of India through a joint venture of Gujarat. The case is identical in fertilizer sector where it has tied up with one of the leading fertilizer company of India to produce fertilizer using natural gas as a raw material. In petrochemical business, the organization is already one of the top players with a 410 thousand tones capacity petrochemical plant. Petrochemical business contributes to 38% of the total profit of the organization. As the penetration of petrochemical products in low in India compared to world average and there is a huge demand supply gap, our organization is expecting to get a large share of its revenue and profit from this segment. Under the global diversification strategy across the value chain, the organization is looking for EP participation in aboard countries to secure more gas. It is also looking for both equity and joint venture participation aboard specially countries of Middle East and Africa to set up petrochemical plants and import the final product to India for marketing. The organization is also trying to leverage its core strength of gas transportation business and planning to develop the gas infrastructure networks in African countries like Algeria, Nigeria etc. 12. Conclusion: From the above discussion, this is evident that the public sector undertaking is facing a lot of challenges due to the dynamic nature of the oil and gas industry and the price fluctuation of the natural gas and petrochemical products. Though the long term strategy, the management of the organization is trying to address both short and long term need of the organization. In short term, the priority for the organization is to get the required amount of natural gas to bridge the gap between demand and supply so that the economic growth of the country doesnt hamper. In long term, it is vital for the organization to get secured source for natural gas. In India natural gas is very demand for traditionally being driven by power and fertilizer sector as well as with city gas distribution and industrial sector emerging as very developed and growing market for used of natural gas. The value of natural gas is exchange of hydrocarbon in the energy policy in India and pushing it to centre of the all stack holder in the value chain. 13. Recommendation: Management of the organization should look for tie ups with producers suppliers for marketing transmission of natural gas on long term and sustainable basis. This can be done in two stages. Securing more gas from new gas finds by entering strategic partnerships with the producers or enhancing the EP division by investing more. Early finalization of contracts with customers suppliers for secure revenue Management of the organization should expand pipeline infrastructure by laying new pipelines as well as upgrading existing ones to cater the need of the producer and customer. If the producer founds the pipelines in their door steps, they are bound to use them rather than laying their own pipelines. Management should roll out city gas/CNG in more cities (target 230 cities) and 5 corridors in a phased manner to increase the industrial, transportation and domestic consumption. Petrochemical business is one of the most profit generating areas for this organization and management should look for expanding the existing Petrochemical capacity and also explore green field participation in new ventures in India abroad. It can look for the For Globalization, management should focus on areas having synergy with existing businesses by entering into new and emerging gas rich countries with focus on sourcing of gas and participation in downstream activities. Examples of such businesses are power and fertilizer. Develop EP as a self-sustainable business by investing heavily and having strategic partnership with the oil and gas exploration giants to have equity or joint venture partnership It should also look for new areas of production of natural gas like shale gas and gas hydrates by having tie ups with research institutions and similar minded organizations. 14. References: BP Statistical Review 2009, Statistical Review of World Energy 2009,Available https://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6929contentId=7044622Last accessed 21 April 2010. Energy Information Administration. (2009). International Energy Outlook.Available: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/index.php.(Last accessed 21 April 2010.) Natural gas and the environment. (2010). Natural Gas Org..Available: https://www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp#greenhouse/.(Last accessed 21 April 2010. ) Natural Gas. (2009). Ministry of petroleum and natural gas.Available: https://petroleum.nic.in/ng.htm.(Last accessed 21 April 2010.) First Solar Corporate Overview. 2010. First Solar.Available:https://phx.corporateir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MzYzMzd8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=t=1(Last accessed 21 April 2010.) Natural Gas Vehicles statistics. (2010). International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles.Available: https://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html(Last accessed 21 April 2010.) Montana Environmental Information Centre. (2010). Global warming.Available: https://meic.org/energy/global_warming_pollution/blm-greenhouse- gas-settlement.(Last accessed 21 April 2010.) Suzlon FY 07-08 Annual Report, Management Discussion and Analysis. p. 5.Available: https://www.suzlon.com/Publication.aspx?cp=3_1

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Essay on Bureaucracy - 416 Words

Bureaucracy The word â€Å"bureaucracy† has a negative connotation to many people. The fact is that our current system of government would not be able to survive without bureaucracies. The bureaucracy has become the â€Å"fourth branch† of the government, it has quasi-legislative and judicial powers and in it’s own field its authority is rarely challenged. The presence of these large, inefficient structures is necessary if the American people want to continue receiving the benefits that they expect. Bureaucracies are technically encompassed under the executive branch of government. The executive branch, however, does not have control over a lot of the things that the agencies do. Congress tries to control agencies by influencing the†¦show more content†¦The president appoints people to head agencies; these people are loyal and have the same ideology as the president. The president can also issue executive orders or simply his word is enough to put an agency into action. The OMB is also under the president so he too can control the amount of money that agencies receive. The president can also reorganize an agency if he chooses. This spread of power is the same way that the founders intended, with the system of checks and balances. The bureaucracy is not under direct control of any branch and it has regulatory and judicial powers that are quasi or semi, these things combined make it safe to assume that the federal bureaucracy is indeed a â€Å"fourth branch.† The American people have come to expect that the government should take care of them. They expect the government to provide social security, regulation of food and medicines, protect consumers, and a whole bunch of other concerns and interests. The government can not provide these things without bureaucracies. People tend to consider bureaucracies as huge overgrown parts of the government, but this is rarely the case with most bureaucracies short on necessary training, funding, supplies and equipment – to carry out the huge task of serving the American people. The government is providing the most it can for Americans with the least amount of spending. The people govern in a democratic government, and if theShow MoreRelatedBureaucracy : Bureaucracy And Bureaucracy Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesBureaucracy role in everyday business People working together in compatible ways by defining everyone’s roles within a hierarchy organizations is a definition of bureaucracy. In examination of bureaucracy the author will find the definition, the advantages and disadvantages and will use the Police Departments in America as an example of bureaucracy and will display its characteristics of bureaucracy. It can be argued that there’s more disadvantages then advantage to using bureaucracy. ResearchRead MoreBureaucracy And Bureaucracies1714 Words   |  7 Pages1) Bureaucracy exists to organize states and keep them working as efficiently as possible. Max Weber claims that bureaucracies are the most efficient form of organization due to control, hierarchy, and predictability. Bureaucracies are created to give authority and power over others, specialize in certain tasks, and restrict individuals through regulations and laws. However, as Kettl makes it clear that this organization is not easy to maintain. According to Kettl, it is important to for citizensRead MoreBureaucracy1409 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT Bureaucracy is all about the rules and regulations to manage a particular activity in the organization. This paper is about how bureaucracy used in old organizations and how it affected the processes of new organizations. It explains how bureaucracy is not applicable in today’s business environment because of many facts. As years went through there was a drastic change in the operations of the organisation. The concern moved from organization to customer service, so the bureaucratic organizationsRead MoreWeber s Bureaucracy And The Bureaucracy1008 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Weber all bureaucracies must have a clear chain of command. This means that there must be an understanding amongst the workers that there is a chain of appeal that they must go through within a bureaucracy to file a grievance or make a suggestion. Within a bureaucracy the areas of jurisdiction are delaminated, meaning that an agency only has authority over the agency they are managing. The institu tion also has power over not only the citizens and officials, but they also own the workersRead MoreBureaucracy Is An Efficient System Bureaucracy1715 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said This passion for bureaucracy ... is enough to drive one to despair. It s as if in politics...we were deliberately to become men who need order and nothing but order (www.goodreads.com). Max Weber brings attention to the consequences of bureaucracy. Although bureaucracy is an efficient system that allows maximum production to occur, bureaucracy has resulted in the loss of individualism and is particularly undemocratic. In public administration, bureaucracy plays a major role in howRead MoreThe Bureaucracy Of The United States Bureaucracy1594 Words   |  7 PagesPA can be seen as a as a dense twist of organizations and branches of government which need to relate to each other in order to serve the public needs of the society. Bureaucracy, as a result, is the internal engine of each public branch of go vernment which coordinate and organize through rules and in a hierarchical way, all the administrators, as to provide an efficient system which is able to satisfy all the public demand of goods and services. However, most of the time it is subject to ridiculeRead MoreFederal Bureaucracy849 Words   |  4 PagesFederal Bureaucracy – to what Extent does the President have Control of it? When the framers of the Constitution developed our government, they gave Congress the authority to create the departments necessary to carry out the day-to-day responsibilities of governing - the federal bureaucracy. The vast majority of the departments, agencies, and commissions that make up the federal bureaucracy today were created by Congress through legislative acts. Congress is unable to act in a bubble thoughRead MoreBureaucracy essay2608 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction A bureaucracy is a large organization that is designed to achieve a common goal through a hierarchical organization. The classic perspective on bureaucracy was proposed by German sociologist, Max Weber at the beginning of 20th century. Weber developed a theory of authority structures and described organizational activity based on authority relations. He described an ideal type of organization that he called a bureaucracy. The characteristics of Webers bureaucracy * Division of laborRead MoreThe Power Of The Bureaucracy1355 Words   |  6 Pages1. Woll views the bureaucracy as the center of governmental power because agencies exercise legislative, judicial, and executive functions, and because of how strongly administration and politics are intertwined. Woll argues that contrary to popular thought, the President and Congress have infrequent control over the administrative process. Agencies make definite decisions that carry out vague policy initiated in Congress or by the President. Agencies also offer expert advice and are receptive toRead MoreThe Classic Conception Of A Bureaucracy851 Words   |  4 PagesA bureaucracy is defined as the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate effectively the work of their personnel. The classic conception of a bureaucracy was advanced by Max Weber, a German sociologist, who argued that the bureaucracy was a à ¢â‚¬Å"rational† way for a modern society to conduct business. As Americans, we rely heavily on the structure and function of bureaucracies. From the most mundane to ornate

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Ideas to Reduce Corruption Free Essays

To reduce the level of corruption in our countries, we, as the next generation, must take the lead to make our desire of change public to each government. At the same time community leaders must be used to spread the idea of a progressive change. As my first step to do so, I will convince my sector leaders to increase education in people, youth and childhood, starting from just a few and going up in the whole country. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideas to Reduce Corruption or any similar topic only for you Order Now After that, work with the example to other countries and make the change visible and desirable.Corruption is such a major problem in our societies. For bad luck we are daily inmerse in cases where we have to face corruption and of course we will do it depending on the circumstances. Sometimes I think that we already live with corruption as a normal standard of living, how sad! Therefore instead of falling into the trap we should in first place think about what we are doing and the repercussions that my acts are going to have in a long term.The first step is to think if there is correct way to do things, maybe it is difficult but our problem is that we feel comfortable and we forget that we can think outside the box. We should start letting our voices out, and let them be heard, and of course even if it sounds as a utopia, the change starts with us and how are we willing to face this new challenges. It? not going to be easy and we are not going to be able to change it in one day, but slowly, with a noble heart, with passion and desire, small actions can do gigantic things. Last but not least in my particular case, if someday I become what I’m wishing for; Ministry of Agriculture of Ecuador from that position at least I will be able to give back a little bit to my community and to the agricultural sector, and I will try my best to do things right for my country.To reduce corruption is not an easy thing, it requires a lot of effort, but the change should begin by getting people to acknowledge that corruption is not something distant, allusive only to politicians or people in power; sadly, corruption is enrooted in the culture of our countries at all levels; it is like cancer that spreads slowly killing ethical and moral values of citizens. I think the only way to stop the vicious circle of corruption is to raise the awareness among people that corruption must not be consid ered a common practice, corruption is a problem and the solution is in the hands of each and every one of us.It is in us the responsibility to say no to corruption, to build a better and fairer society. What I propose is to make a social awareness campaign which encourages people to say no to corruption, starting with simple things, like respecting the lines, not offering or receiving bribes, respecting the traffic police, acting with empathy, etc. ; the idea is that this small wins in the day to day activities of people set in an environment in which the vicious circle of corruption can be broken. This campaign should frame its message in civic pride and the desire for improvement, something like: â€Å"I am Latin American, and I say no to corruption†.This has to be visual; I can imagine employees putting an emblematic sign of the â€Å"I say no† campaign in front of their desks just to let know others they are not willing to make bad businesses, or policemen wearing I say no badges to let know drivers they won’t accept bribes and posters of â€Å"I say no† in court rooms. Of course this campaign should be based on real actions, such as the improvement of laws, severe penalties for corrupt public functionaries, education in schools and colleges of ethics, improvement of public services, among others.Even though such movement can be sponsored by the government, an ONG, the private sector or any group, the most important is that it must get the support of all constituencies and the message must really get to touch the mind and hearts of people to ach ieve the impossible, to be part of something special, and to create an â€Å"I say no† culture. The best way to change Latin America is to supply basic needs in the communities. Until the basic requirements of healthcare, nourishment and safety are met the more complex building blocks that would inoculate the communities from corruption cannot be achieved.To do this we need to raise the wealth and more importantly distribute it fairly. A simple solution is not available, little steps must be taken to improve governmental entities, private sector, education with example and action. Tactics like micro financing can develop the most vulnerable communities and igniting a culture of respect for those well off individuals who do affect those communities in a positive way. Whenever the benefits of taking the corrupt road outweigh the costs of taking it, the propensity of corruption among public institutions will be present in a significant way.Today in Latin America most our countries are left at the mercy of the only effective deterrent for corruption we are able to find: ethics. And as effective as they are, history has proved us that relying on them is not only naive but kind of irresponsible. So in order to get rid of this awful disease, more is needed to generate change. Going back to the first idea, individuals make their decisions considering the costs and benefits of a particular path. So in order to influence such decisions, incentives must be created to increase the benefits or increase the costs.Either way would prove to be an effective way of influencing behavior. Then what we could do is try to increase the costs of corrupt behavior. How can a society do so? By modifying their current institutions, in order to create a set of rules applicable to everyone, and creating enough will power to enforce this rules. People talk a lot of the role of culture in the corruption dilemma. Nevertheless institutions also help to shape culture. In order to change culture we first have to change our institutions. Which institutions to change, and how to change them, goes beyond the scope of the writer’s intention, but an opinion is clearly defined towards changing institutions as a way of eliminating corruption in our countries. First of all we need to act as we talk; we need to really step up and act upon our words on a positive way. Secondly we need to rely on education and values for our society. We need to start positively influencing our inner circle (Family and friends) and start working our way out (Work ad society). Corruption is something that must be change with time.You cannot change it in one week or month, even one year. The Key is culture and institutions and strong competitive market. In order to eliminate corruption you have to prepare the coming generation with new values, habits and thinking so you begin to create an environment of respect for the society.. The second thing is that it is necessary to guarantee and strong State that applies the law, but also an institution that develop new way to be more efficient and respond to a highly demand society.Finally, it is need to create incentive for people, if the people’s needs are not fulfill are not totally fulfill, t is likely to fall in corruption; one way to avoid this is with real competitive market, and if there is a unfair situation, the State has to react. Assuring this three ideas it is more probably you can have a better society in the future generation. To reduce corruption in Central America we all have to do our part. If you get to deal with a corrupt person, always do the following two things; first don’t comply with the corruption. Then speak up. Don’t keep it to yourself. If you keep quiet, the corruption will never stop. Doing these two things, one person at a time, will make this a better region for everybody. How to cite Ideas to Reduce Corruption, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Communication and Negotiation Skill

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Negotiation Skill. Answer: 1. Challenges in communication are faced in every organization. The case study identifies Barry experiencing the same things while managing his job as the food service manager in a casual dining restaurant. The challenges that Barry is facing in the workplace are: Language barriers- As given in the case study, it is seen that most of the employees are not fluent with English as a conversational medium, which makes verbal communication difficult for Barry at some point of time (Bennett 2015). Age barrier- The age of the employees in the restaurant varies from 16 to 55, which is a challenge to Barry. The young generation can understand the texts and the messages that are written in short and their vocabulary is not related to the older employees, which affects the attitudes and the work values (Waisbord 2015). Non-verbal barriers- The appearance of Barry is very clumsy, as he does not care about the cleanliness and the personal appearance, which can be seen from the way he dresses. Cultural barriers- The employees are from different ethnic backgrounds and have difference with the practices in food safety, which needs to be solved by Barry. Emotional barriers- It interferes with communication as Barry is seen emotionally hurt when he comes to work from home. It affects the communication quality with the employees (Bennett 2015). 2. The solutions that Barry needs to consider with the barriers that have been identified are: Language barrier- The solution that Barry might use is that the inclusion of signs that are posted in the language that the employees can understand. The signs need to be put along with visuals and not words in the language of the employees will help to bring back the interest of the employees (Whyte and Sherer 2015). Age barrier- There are four generations of employees in the workplace where each of the generations prefers a method of communication. The younger generation will be attracted to the short messages, while the older employees may find this communication method to be irrelevant. Barry needs to identify the preferences of the employees and communicate with them accordingly (Yong et al. 2016). Non-verbal barrier- Barry needs to improve his appearance and be the role model to his employees. The actions and behavior of Barry needs to be consistent, as he needs to follow the hand washing procedure that he implicated in the workplace. Cultural barrier- Barry needs to identify the cultural backgrounds of the employees, which can then be related to food safety. An example of this would be that the employees might think that food can be served at room temperature to the customers as they come from a country that follows this procedure (Whyte and Sherer 2015). Emotional barrier- Barry needs to check his emotions, which will be useful for effective communication with the employees. Self-awareness and taking assistance from outside may help Barry to control his emotions at the workplace (Yong et al. 2016). 3. SOP is a document that identifies the best practices and acts as a framework for the policy of the organization. It helps in identifying the what, why, how and when of the food services in a restaurant. In this case study, 2 SOPs need to be taken in account. They are: New Employee Orientation SOP- The busy days and the high revenues has made it a challenge for Barry to orient the new employees that are hired in the workplace. The SOP that has been developed for this is that the employees need to meet the manager so that they can be trained about the health and safety procedures. The employees can ask questions about the procedures if they have any doubts. The manager in turn needs to allocate at least 30 minutes for the orientation program and thank the employees for participating in the program (Yesiltas et al. 2014). Personal Hygiene and Employee Health SOP- This is important because Barry lacks the personal hygiene standards set by him in the restaurant. He needs to act as the motivator by maintaining a clean and unwrinkled clothes and clean hands. The procedure would be that the employees need to arrive at the workplace neatly by maintaining a clean hair followed by a proper bath. They need to wash hands before entering the place to work, in the restroom and after smoking, drinking and eating. They need to wear disposable gloves before every task is performed. The hands need to be washed in the sinks and the dry them with single use towels so that it is not contaminated (Dave and Suryadevara 2016). 4. Barry needs to implement different ways to use effective communication so that the employees in the workplace can get motivated. Some of them are: The employees need to be encouraged and should be provided with sincere words in handling the safety behaviors with respect to food hygiene. The method of communication needs to be appropriate so that the employees can understand the message that the supervisor wants to convey. For the young employees a simple thank you message will suffice but the old employees may want something more than a thank you message. Barry needs to act as a role model to his employees through the verbal and non-verbal methods of communication. He can convey through his actions, some messages to the employees. An instance in this case would be to wear clean uniforms so that the other employees may follow that procedure. References Bennett, W.L., 2015. Changing societies, changing media systems: Challenges for communication theory, research and education. InCan the Media Serve Democracy?(pp. 151-163). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dave, S. and Suryadevara, V., 2016. Implementation of lean Six Sigma in restaurant business. Waisbord, S., 2015. Three challenges for communication and global social change.Communication Theory,25(2), pp.144-165. Whyte, J. and Sherer, M., 2015. Overcoming the challenges of accurately assessing consciousness and communication in the context of pain assessment.Assessing Pain and Communication in Disorders of Consciousness, p.60. Yesiltas, M., Zorlu, O., Sop, S.A. and Beydilli, E.T., 2014. The Effects of Service Quality on Customers' Tipping Behavior.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(8), p.430. Yong, R.F., Girotti, N., Hor, W.K. and Ng, C.C., Motorola Solutions, Inc., 2016.Communication device. U.S. Patent D754,089.

Monday, March 23, 2020

Assassination Of JFK Essays (3220 words) - Watergate Seven

Assassination of JFK annon On Friday, November 22nd 1963 at 12:30 P.M. the 35th president of the United States of America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassinated while he rode in an open limousine though the streets of Dallas. This event, which abruptly and severely altered the course of history, it has created more controversy than any other single event. Some haunting questions still remain. Who did it? Why did they do it? How was it done? Was there a cover up The official answers complied by the Warren Commission have never satisfied the majority of the world's population. In this following essay I will try to show who was responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. I believe the only way to prove that there was a cover up, is to firstly prove that Lee Harvey Oswald is not the killer. The Warren Commission consisting of various outstanding citizens was created to ascertain, evaluate and report upon the facts relating to the assassination ... and the subsequent violent death of the man charged with the assassination Lee Harvey Oswald. The purpose of the Commission was to examine the evidence developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and any additional evidence that may hereafter come to light ... to make such further investigation, as the Commission finds desirable. In less than one week they found that a 'lone nut' killed JKF. At no time did the Warren Commission seem to consider the basic legal rights of Oswald - innocence until proven guilty, the right to legal representation, or the right to cross-examine witnesses and evidence against him. There is no way that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin. Firstly the paraffin test of Oswald's hands and his right cheek conducted on November 23, 1963, has been positive for his hands but negative for his cheek. Generally, this is evidence in Oswald's favor, but the Commission asserted that the test is completely unreliable in determining either whether a person has recently fired a weapon or whether he has not. Nobody saw Oswald on the 6th floor window after 11:55 on November 22nd. 90 seconds after the assassination, Roy Truly and Police officer M. L. Baker saw Oswald on the second floor. Oswald had to take the stairs down. But he had just 90 seconds to hide the rifle in the opposite corner of the sixth floor, run downstairs 4 floors passing Victoria Adams who never saw him and reach the second floor where he was encountered to be calm and collected. The Warren Commission claimed that Oswald fired three shots in 5.6 seconds from the sixth floor of the Texas Schoolbook Depository. The first shot was the 'magic bullet' which made a total of seven wounds on JFK and Connally . Which appeared later in the Parkland Memorial Hospital - you can see - in an almost pristine condition. The second shot missed JFK and hit a bystander in the cheek and the third was the fatal head. The Warren Commission said the third shot hit JFK from behind, however his head was pushed backwards and to the left. This means the bullet must of come from the grassy Knoll. Also many witness thought they heard shots from there. (See graph) Oswald rifle's had poor capability (experts tried to do the same what Oswald was claimed to have done, but only one was able to do that! because he got not familiar with the rifle and the inaccurate attached scope of the rifle. It was near impossible for him to make the shot in 5.6 seconds If I had to pick one man in the whole United States to shoot me, I'd pick Oswald. I saw that man shoot and there's no way he could have ever learned to shoot well enough to do what they accused him of. I'm one of the best shots around, and I couldn't have done it. --Sherman Cooley (US Marine, served with Oswald) If Oswald was not the killer then who would have wanted to see President Kennedy dead? Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) The CIA J. Edgar Hoover The Mafia Anti-Castro Cubans Richard Nixon I am convinced Lyndon Johnson may very well have been involved in the plot to murder President Kennedy. I believe Johnson probably knew about the plot ahead of time and either sanctioned it or actively took part in it. Another possibility, in my view, is that Johnson realized soon after the shooting that Kennedy had been killed by a conspiracy, and that Johnson had an idea as to whom had been behind it. In any case, Johnson was a driving force behind

Friday, March 6, 2020

Pacific Oil Company

Pacific Oil Company Back in the days, petrochemical processes were determined by a detailed elaboration of prices known as formula prices, it comprised of several element. The first one being feed stock characteristics; feedstock supply varied in chemical composition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Oil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The difference in the feedstock considerably affected the procedures of refining and operating efficiency. A few chemical products were drawn from a chosen feedstock. Increased number of orders necessitated the mixing of combined feedstock together with distinct structural characteristic. Fuel cost was inclusive of price and quantity of energy that the manufacturing corporation expected in cracking, producing a particular steam and refining. Labor cost was part of employees’ salary, to operate the manufacturing with the objective of generating a fixed unit amount of a particular pro duct. Value of petrochemical was determined by the commodity cost, as the demand and supply fluctuated in the market; this factor was again featured in the formula price. The computation of the price formula, as opposed to determining a market price had a list of advantages and disadvantages. It permitted the supplier to surpass expenses charged to buyer; this minimized the risks for the engaged parties, in the case of express fluctuation of prices throughout the period of the contract. When market demands went down, contract guaranteed a wide market to the supplier; however, the price for the product was to some extent unbeneficial in comparison to product cost. When it came to quantity, formula prices were typically computed, their major focus was given to quantity. Costs changed significantly, this was however dependent upon the efficiency of the production taking place. Payments were to be issued in dollars without deduction or discount, except only if noted.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the challenges pacific oil faced in early 1985 with Reliant chemical company were quite a number. Pipelines routine inspection had been subcontracted to a company with quality equipment for monitoring things like leaks. It happened that leaks had been detected in late December prior the year; this extended the effect to early 1985. The executive of the company were out of reach for many days hence the problem could not be solved immediately until a certain period of time. There was a concern with the system of delivery, and the way meter reading was being conducted. Pacific oil built a line and was in charge of maintenance, installation of meters was done towards the outlet of the pipeline, and Reliant was giving metered total to Pacific. According to Zinnser some spot checking at the manufacturing facility indicated that they were not getting all that they were billed for. They later discovered that, the integrity of the meter or the meter reader wasn’t question but, felt that since the pipes had been in existent for years, there was a possibility they had develop leaks. The executive vice president became distressed over the turnout of events. Pacific headed for tremendous destruction. Realizing the techniques of challenging it would be to maintain strong negotiations, a review of the negotiations were done were done on Reliant contract. They also experienced delay when Hauptmann lost his mother; meetings were rescheduled as a result hence, there was a delay. The investigation of pipeline gave no evidence of a considerable discharge. It only traced minor leaks, which did not seem serious. It was impossible to identify the percentage of the product lost in the process. Emotion in negotiation is one of the styles used in the case. Emotions carries the capacity to contribute either positively or negatively in negoti ation.contribute either positive or negative in a negotiation scenario. According to Fisher, and Shapiro (2005) negative emotion at times leads to intense or irrational behavior, resulting to escalation of conflict.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Oil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is evident in the conversation that takes place between Kelsey and Fontaine as emotions flare an in turn leads to unhealthy and even unnecessary confrontation.Distributive negotiation is another style used; the term distributive basically means giving; or scattering things. Fisher, and Shapiro (2005) further states that there is a limitation in things being distributed; it entails individuals who have never before had an interactive relationship. And there isn’t a likelihood of doing so in the future. In this form we see each individual fighting to have their way; it is appropriate but, requires an extent of limit in order not to regard the other side as an enemy but a partner. According to Shell, R.G. (2006) integrative negotiation means joining several parts and making the whole, this implies some cooperation or teaming up to achieve a common goal. More often than not, trust is of a higher degree in shaping of the relationship. Both parties walking away feeling a sense of achievement, ideally the process has two phases. The process entails value concession, plus creative problem solving. This is the style that is mainly used by Guadin, Hauptmann, and Zinnser in their negotiations. Instead of Kelsey allowing emotions to flare, what he could have recommended to Fontaine were few and simple facts. The reality being that, a supply contract binds legally, it’s a document that only attempts to elaborate on strategies or ways the two companies can work together, and hence it is the foundation of an intricate long term relationship that exists between a seller and a buyer. He could hav e informed of the constant monitoring, discussion and evaluation required by representatives of the organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He could have further recommended that it is possible for the purchaser to meet the conditions of the negotiated contract. This is can be made possible since the purchaser can accept a fair price formula, without attempting to push the supplier to an artificial low price. He is trustworthy pursue an action plan, basing it on sound business ethics as agreed in the contract. The purchaser cannot take advantage of aberrations in the spot market, they will have no choice but accept the reality of a formula price having been negotiated, and both parties agreeing to live up to the negotiated contract over the suggested period of time. Problems encountered in product quality, labor difficulties can result to challenges in manufacturing, unloading and loading, shipping and cleanliness of shipping tools. This can however be explored to mutual satisfaction. Furthermore, change in business projection of both parties can be shared hence; the complexity anticipated by the supplier in producing t he products can be solved. On the other hand the difficulty encountered by buyer in consumption of the product can also lead to amicable solution for both parties. Finally, the ability to solve these problems necessitates mutual trust, open communication and honesty. And most importantly an approach that offers the best solution to both the parties. References Fisher,R. and Shapiro, D (2005) Beyond Reason: Using Emotions as You Negotiate.New York: Penguin Books. Shell, R.G. (2006). Bargaining for advantage. New York: Penguin Books.

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Infection control enabling and assessing teaching Essay

Infection control enabling and assessing teaching - Essay Example Therefore, educational knowledge or nursing knowledge is integrated practical knowledge (Stake, R., 1977, p. 121-124). Life-long Learning: Life-long education is not a new concept, but the rapidly changing social conditions of the contemporary society has provided a wider impetus for a wider acceptance of this idea, and the adult educators have been a major force in drawing attention to the practice of life-long learning. To assess learning, the educator utilizes a wide range of methods for evaluating pupil performance and attainment. These include formal testing and examinations, practical and oral assessments, and classroom based assessment. Theoretically, there are three types of assessments. Formative assessment takes place during the course of the teaching and is used essentially to feed back into the teaching or learning process. Summative assessment takes place at the end of the term or a course and is used to provide information about how much the students have learned and how well as course has worked. Ipsative assessment is the third and the most important category in which the pupil evalu ates his/her performance against his/her previous performance (Wilkinson, W. J. and George, N. J., 1982, p. 222-235). This indicates that the process of assessment is undergoing a shift in the paradigm from psychometrics to a broader model of educational assessment and from the culture of testing and examination to the culture of assessment. There is a wider range of assessments that are in use now. These include teacher assessment, standard tasks, coursework, records of achievement, practical and oral assessments mentioned earlier, written examinations, and standardized tests. There are criterion-referenced, formative, and performance-based assessments as well as norm-referenced testing. The consequent high-profile status of assessment is mainly due to the fact that assessment is required to achieve a wide range of purposes (Carr, W., and Kemmis, S., 1986, p. 86-94). The assessment process is mainly designed to support teaching and learning; it would provide information about pupil s, teachers, and schools. In this way, assessment would drive curriculum and teaching and act as a selection and certification device and as an accountability procedure (Briton, D., 1996, p 101-102). Adult learning theory has been strongly influenced by humanistic psychology, although there is no single theory that represents the humanistic approach. All such theories share a common view that this approach involves the study of a man as a human being, with his thoughts, feelings, and experiences (Brookfield, S., 1985, p. 23-28). This is in direct contrast to the stimulus-response theories, which study man from the point of view of overt behaviour, disregarding his inner feelings and experiences. Humanistic theories differ from cognitive theory in that the latter is concerned with the thinking aspects of a man's behaviour with little emphasis on the affective components. Humanistic theory is closely related to the philosophical approach called phenomenology, which asserts that reality lies in a person's perception of an event and not in the event itself. This also underpins three other concepts,

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Definition of Common Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Definition of Common Law - Term Paper Example The name "common law" is also used to refer to the conventional and long established, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as disparate to its statutory law or legislation. As well it the term common law is also used to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice. (Eldon) In addition to England, common law is practiced in all of Canada except Quebec and all of the United States except Louisiana. All of these areas follow common law and U.S. state statutes usually provide that the common law, equity, and statutes in effect in England in 1603, the first year of the reign of James I, shall be deemed part of the law of the jurisdiction. (Homes) Decisions of the English courts that were made later only have persuasive authority. There are particular characteristics and features of common law that distinguish it from other types of law. The one feature that distinguishes common law is the fact that it represents the law of the courts as expressed in judicial decisions. "The grounds for deciding cases are found in precedents provided by past decisions, as contrasted to the civil law system, which is based on statutes and prescribed texts." (Holmes) In addition, the system of judicial precedents, other characteristics of common law include trial by jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law. In the beginning, the supremacy of the law meant that not even the king was above the law; however today it can be translated as meaning that acts of governmental agencies are subject to scrutiny in ordinary legal proceedings. Judicial precedents gain their force from the doctrine of stare decisis [Lat., =stand by the decided matter], i.e., that the previous decisions of the highest court in the jurisdiction are binding on all other courts in the jurisdiction. (Holmes) However, in the when conditions change they make most decisions inapplicable except as a basis for an analogy, and a court must consequently frequently look to the judicial experience of the rest of the English-speaking world. "This gives the system flexibility, while general acceptance of certain authoritative materials provides a degree of stability." (Eldon) On the other hand in many occurrences, the courts have failed to keep speed with social developments. As a result of this, it has become necessary to enact statutes to bring about needed changes. Without a doubt in recent years statutes have superseded a great deal of common law. This is especially true in the fields of commercial, administrative, and criminal law. Characteristically, however, in statutory interpretation, the courts have recourse to the doctrines of common law. (Eldon) In consequence increased legislation has limited but has not ended judicial supremacy. Â  

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Multifunctional Porous Organics Synthesis

Multifunctional Porous Organics Synthesis TITLE OF WORK The synthesis and characterisation of functionalized porous organics Abstract Lophine based radicals have been studied for many years due to their photochromic nature, recent literature has seen attempts to connect two radicals to carbon based backbones. In this report we will discuss attaching six lophine molecules to a single backbone which is a phosphazene ring. Cyclophosphazene rings have a unique conformation allowing for supramolecular architectures to be formed by varying the substituents, these architectures range from 0-2D structures. The hexalophine molecule exhibits 1D channels due its unique conformation which leads to the formation of a porous material. Porous organics are of high interest in recent literature due to them being a cheaper, less toxic alternative to MOFs as well as having the ability to be modified and tailored easily due to the simple starting materials. In this report we shall state synthetic pathways from simple molecular building blocks to hexalophine (32%) and two derivatives, compound 4 (46%) and 5 (15%). These two derivatives have the potential to increase pore stability. This report will also include the oxidation of hexalophine to its radical species which were found to display photochromic properties and it is also believed that this material could contain light gated pores which are closed in the dimer form of the product but then open upon irradiation of UV of 365nm. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.0 Properties and potential uses of Lophine This report will feature chemistry based upon the triphenylimidazolyl based radicals (TPIRs) as well as the dimer form hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI). Lophine (2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole) is a heterocyclic imidazole derivative where three phenyl rings are attached to the imidazole ring (figure 1), these imidazole derivatives are an area of importance due to the many interesting properties it possesses. Lophine has been of interest to researchers for many years with its chemiluminescent properties being first discovered in 1877 by Radziszewski.1 The oxidation of the lophine molecule follows the reaction scheme below, where lophine is oxidised to the TPIR radical state via addion of base and treatment with Fe forming one of six dimers both in solution and the solid state (figure 2). These materials display photochromic, thermochromic and piezochromic properties. The mechanism of photochromism of the lophine dimer is the homolytic cleavage of the 2C-1N bond of the dimer by irradiation wit h light, forming two lophine radicals.2 The fast colour change associated with this dimer opening means there is a potential use in display screens or as the basis for molecular switches, where irradiation with light opens the dimer forming the radical in turn switching the external component On/Off. These possible applications have caused a focus on creating methods to manipulate and control the colour of these materials and as well as to increase the rate of switching.3 The colour of the radical form is dependent upon the substituents on the ring, the more conjugated the system the further toward the red side of the spectrum the colour.4 Lophine displays piezochromic properties in its solid state, upon applying pressure lophine crystals the colour change of yellow to blue/green has been observed, this occurs via the radical dissociation of the 1N-1N dimer bond.5 Other more unusual modes have been of dimerization such as the 2C-2C have now also been isolated, this mode features a u nusually long C-C bond.3 Figure 1 The structure of Lophine (2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole) Another interesting lophyl radical derivative is the 1,8-TPID-naphthalene radical which consists of 2 lophine radicals connected by a naphthalene ring. 1,8-TPID-naphthalene has been characterised in the solid state by Abe et al; who studied the photoreactivity of the compound. 1,8-TPID-naphthalene allowed the group to fix two radicals onto a backbone meaning that the radicals were in close proximity and could dimerise easily as opposed to two radicals not connected via a backbone which first need to find eachother in order for dimerization to occur (figure 3). They found that the dimer could be cleaved photochemically giving the diradical and then could be thermally converted back to the dimer.6 They also found that the formation of a peroxide bridge was much more common than previous literature had accounted for. This bridging occurred when the 1,8-TPID-naphthalene radical was placed under an O2 atmosphere.7 This peroxide bridge formation is very important as when oxygen quenches th e spin to form the closed shell peroxide it does so irreversibly meaning the material is no longer photochromic. It was then shown that this peroxide degradation pathway can be generalised for the chromic dimers of TPIR materials, with non-tethered TPIRs forming similar peroxide bridges.8 A recent development by the same research group has also shown how a thiophene substituted phenoxyl-imidazole radical complex (PIC) can generate two non-equivalent radical upon irradiation with UV light. The colour change can be fine-tuned from tens of seconds to nanoseconds, however a sensitivity to lower wavelengths of light meant that applications were limited. This problem was rectified by adding a phenyl group to the 5 position of the thiophene ring.9 Figure 2 The six potential dimerization modes of two lophyl radicals.3 Figure 3 Illustrates the reversible conversion of 1,8-TPID-naphthalene between its radical and dimer forms. 1.1 Hexa-substituted Phophazene Rings, Tectons and Crystal Engineering A key component of this project was the exploitation of the Phosphazene ring as soft tecton; a tecton is a molecular building block that interacts with sticky sites, formally known as supramolecular synthons, via spatial arrangements to induce the formation of supramolecular aggregates. The search for new tectons is a hot area of research due to the constantly growing field of crystal engineering where the aim is to produce functional single crystal materials using intermolecular interactions. The arrangement of molecules in solid state structures is largely dependent on striking a fine balance between intramolecular forces and packing interactions, knowledge of these forces is key to the field of crystal engineering.10 In general, hard tectons interact via more robust synthons than soft tectons and therefore usually crystallise with unambiguous geometries. Whereas soft tectons and less robust synthons allow for the formation of supramolecular isomers (figure 4).11 These tectons allo w for many functional materials to be formed in a one pot synthesis, they also have the ability to be carefully adjusted to alter and improve upon their functionality.12 Cyclophosphazenes are extremely soft tectons that interact with soft synthons to give a large variety of supramolecular architectures in the solid state. The conformation of the cyclophosphazenes is also very interesting as three substituents reside above the plane of the ring and three below (figure 5). It was found that small modifications to the substituents attached to the ring gave supramolecular architectures ranging from 0D to 2D structures (figure 6) such as include monomer, dimer, cyclic hexamer, zigzag chain, linear chain, double chain, graphite-type sheet, rectangular grid and hexagonal close-packed sheet. Such variety of structures came from the easy rotation about the exocyclic P-N bonds, which allowed variable directionalities for all of the N-H bonds. 11   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3b) Figure 4a) Shows benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid a classic example of a hard tecton. 4b) shows a silanetriol a classic soft tecton. Figure 5 Conformation of a Hexa-substituted Phosphazene Ring. Figure 6 Schematic representations of aggregation patterns of (RNH)6P3N3 in the solid state.11 1.2 Magnetism and Magnetic Frustration The materials we aim to make during this project once appropriately oxidised should go on to form dimers which when irradiated with UV light form discrete radicals containing unpaired electrons thus giving each radical an associated magnetic moment. Neutral organic radicals tend to be paramagnetic and exhibit Curie- Weiss behaviour, where the spin vectors of the unpaired electrons are randomly aligned above the Curie temperature (Tc), which is the critical temperature below which the long ordered state is established, unless a magnetic field is applied. If spin vectors are parallel to each other below the Curie temperature then the material is ferromagnetic, if the spin vectors are aligned antiparallel to one another the material is antiferromagnetic.13 Due to the geometry of the phosphazene ring (three substituents pointing up above the plane of the ring and three below) there is the possibility of forming a 2D triangular lattice of spins if the substituents are organic radicals.   This could possibly lead to geometric magnetic frustration due to the fact that the two nearest neighbours to a spin are themselves nearest neighbours and therefore antiferromagnetic couplings cannot be satisfied (figure 7).14 This can lead to very interesting magnetic properties. Most solid state examples of this geometric frustration tend to be transition metal oxides, however, studies have been done on organic systems that also distribute geometric frustration.13 One example of this is m-MPYNNP+ which is a spin  ½ organic radical that upon dimerization forms a 2D triangular lattice which demonstrates the aforementioned geometric frustration.14 The issue of spin frustration has been around for a long time as Quantum spin liquids (QSL) were first theoretically proposed by Anderson many years ago which are now a hot topic of research due to the realisation of these QSLs in organic materials such as k-(ET)2-CH2(CN)3, which has a near perfect triangular lattice with angles very close to 120 °.15 A QSL is an exotic ground state where interacting spins continuously fluctuate with no formation of   low range magnetic order even at sufficiently low temperatures.16 Figure 7 Antiferromagnetic coupling cannot be fulfilled causing geometric magnetic frustration. 1.3 Porous Materials Porous materials are as important as ever due to their wide spread use in several fields such as catalysis and gas absorption,17 meaning they can play a critical role in the route to solving our growing energy shortage problems. Porous materials are instantly associated with materials such as zeolites, metal organic framework (MOF) and organic polymers. MOFs are characterised by their tuneable pores and inherent flexibility which more classical carbon or oxide based structures do not possess, this gives a wide range of applications for MOFs such as gas storage, separation, drug delivery or catalysis.18 Porous organics have been discovered in nature but are largely created synthetically and approaches often need to be coupled with knowledge of crystal engineering. These materials are often held together by directional forces which form extended frameworks of noncovalent interactions such as Ï€- Ï€ interactions, hydrogen bonding or coordinate bonding (figure 8).17 Like zeolites a nd MOFs porous organics have the ability to selectively absorb atoms and molecules in the gas phase.19 There are many positives to these porous organics, they are often cheaper to synthesise and less toxic as well as being far less dense than metal containing MOFs. Figure 8 One example of a Porous Organic by Sozzani et al. 1.4 P3N3 Hexalophine The chemistry of P3N3 Hexalophine incorporates much of the chemistry discussed above and has many interesting properties. The P3N3 Hexalophine molecule consists of six lophine substituents attached to the phosphazene ring via a P-O bond (figure 9). Previous work in the Robertson group found that the solid state structure of Hexalophine consisted of a pseudo hexagonal motif giving rise to 1D channels that run parallel to the stacking axis (figure 10). The molecule maintained its D3 symmetry in the solid state. The phenyl rings twist to maximise pi-stacking interaction and the 3 imidazole nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds to a central water molecule. There are 4 pi-pi interactions that stabilise this structure, the molecules are in a slipped conformation allowing the phenyl and imidazole to rings overlap. Other non-covalent interactions such as van der Waals interactions also help to stabilise the structure. The high symmetry of the structure which comes from the hexa substituted phos phazene ring (three above the plane of the ring and three below) gives an equal distribution of intermolecular forces giving a high probability of forming a stable porous structure. IGA measurements with CO2 loading at 195K shows a Type I isotherm with absorption reaching 8cm3g-1 at a pressure of 700mmHg confirming the materials microporosity. However only a small fraction of the void space contained CO2. Figure 9 The structure of Hexalophine. Figure 10 The crystal structure of Hexalophine, illustrating the 1D channels. 1.5 Aim of Project The aim of this project is to combine our knowledge of the chemistry of both lophine radical systems and cyclophosphazene rings to find elegant synthetic routes which will improve upon the porous properties of hexalophine. This will be done by varying the ring substituents to increase stability of the pores and to improve its gas absorption properties. Three lophine derivatives have been identified as plausible candidates for thid are where two of the phenyl groups on the lophine will be replaced by two thiophene rings and two pyridine rings respectively, with the position of the nitrogen in the pyridine ring being varied depending upon the synthetic pathway (figure 11). We wish to synthesise and fully characterise these derivatives including growing single crystals for structural studies via X-ray crystallography. Also a stoichiometric controlled oxidation of the hexalophine material to its neutral radical/dimer pair is required in order to further investigate the properties of hexa lophine such as the possibility of creating a photochromic material that has light gated pores that open on irradiation with UV light. R=  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   or  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   or Figure 11 the synthetic targets of this project. 2. Results and discussion 2.0 Hexa-benzaldehyde Synthesis The first step in this synthetic project involved attaching six benzaldehyde units to the phosphazene ring via a P-O oxygen bond. This was achieved by reacting the phosphonitrillic chloride trimer along with 6 equivalents of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, potassium carbonate in dry THF (figure 12). The reaction was monitored with 31P NMR which showed completion when only a singlet was present in the spectra indicating full substitution. This produced the compound 1 which was the precursor for many of the subsequent reactions. The reaction gave the desired product in a fairly low yield (45%). Whilst the yield was slightly low the FT-IR showed all of the characteristic absorptions such as C=O (1697cm-1) and CAr-CAr (1585cm-1). 31P NMR was conducted and showed a sharp singlet at 7.08ppm which indicated full substitution on the phosphazene ring as all of the environments are equivalent. 1H NMR was also conducted and show a singlet at 9.87ppm with an integration of 6Hs which was as expected for t he 6 aldehyde protons, two doublets were found in the aromatic region and integrated to 12Hs each which was correct for the number of protons expected. The CHN analysis was almost perfect with less than 0.2% difference from the calculated values, this indicated that the product was of high purity. Mass spectometry also indicated that the desired product had been synthesized as a [M+Na]+ peak was detected at 884. Figure 12 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 1. 2.1 Synthesis of Hexalophine and Hexalophine derivatives 2.1.0 Using Diketones The synthesis of hexalophine and hexalophine derivatives is important due to their porous properties which can be of great importance in fields such as gas storage and catalysis. The method for attaching six lophine units to the ring was a ring condensation of 1 on the six benzaldehyde units attached to the phosphazene ring using a synthesis based upon Radziszewskis synthesis.1 The product 2 was achieved by reacting 1 along with six equivalents of benzil, ammonium acetate in excess in glacial acetic acid (figure 13). The yield for 2 was quite poor (32%), the FT-IR showed all of the characteristic peaks such as CAr-H (3055cm-1), C=N (1604cm-1) and CAr=CAr (1538cm-1) indicating the desired product had been formed. This was further confirmed by both the 31P and 1H NMR, the 31P NMR showed a singlet at 8.36ppm which indicates full substitution on the phosphazene ring. The 1H NMR showed a singlet at 12.65ppm which had an integration equal to 6Hs which is representative of the 6 imidazole N -Hs, it also showed multiplets in the aromatic region with an integration of 84Hs which is exactly the number of aromatic hydrogens in the desired product. CHN analysis of the product correlated well with the desired structure, especially when three molecules of water were factored into the calculation. It is unsurprising that this compound also contained water due to its porous nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NH4OAc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acetic acid (6eq.) Figure 13 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 2. Another reaction designed based upon the ring condensation reaction was the synthesis of 4. This synthesis builds upon the diketone functionality as above, however, in this reaction the R groups of the diketone thenil were thiophene rings as opposed to the phenyl rings of benzil. Thenil like benzil was reacted with 1 and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid (figure 14). The yield for this compound, whilst better than 2, was still fairly low (46%). FT-IR showed the characteristic peaks such as CAr-H (3071cm-1), CAr=CAr (1643cm-1) and C=N (1607cm-1) indicating the target molecule had been synthesised. The 31P NMR showed a singlet at 8.26ppm again indicating full substitution. The 1H NMR showed a singlet 12.91ppm with an integration of 6Hs representative of the 6 imidazole N-H hydrogens, it also showed multiplets in the aromatic region with an integration of 60 which was again exactly what was required for the number of aromatic hydrogens, indicating the correct product had been synt hesised. The CHN analysis was close to the theorectical values required especially when four water molecules were factored in, again this is unsurprising as this material like 2 is also expected to be porous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NH4OAc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acetic acid (6eq.) Figure 14 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 4. Like thenil and benzil, pyridil is also a diketone where the two R groups are heterocycles, in this case the two heterocycles are pyridine rings. Pyridil was used again with the classical Radziszewski based synthesis to synthesise the compound 5 (Figure 15). The yield for this compound was very low (15%) due to a lot of mass lost upon recrystallization and decomposition upon heating. The FT-IR showed the correct absorptions for the key functional groups such as C=N (1600cm-1) and P=N (1158cm-1) indicating that the target compound had been synthesised. However large OH absorption band (3349cm-1) was also present showing that the product contained a considerable amount of water or ethanol. CHN analysis of the compound showed a vast difference in carbon and nitrogen values when compared to the theoretical values indicating some impurities in the sample. The fact that the product contained considerable amounts solvent would also skew the result of the CHN analysis somewhat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NH4OAc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acetic acid (6eq.) Figure 15 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 5. 2.1.1 Using Aldehydes for an alternative preparation The idea of using aldehydes such as pyridine carboxyaldehyde and benzaldehyde as opposed to the diketones used above was born when questioning on how we could stabilise the pores in the materials we wished to synthesise as larger groups could be added to these aldehyde starting materials. An alternative synthesis of 2 using twelve equivalents of benzaldehyde is illustrated in figure 16. The reaction was left to reflux for 7 days however the 31P NMR showed a multiplet indicating that full substitution had not occurred or a mix of products was present. Unfortunately, this was a reoccurring theme as the failed synthesis of 3 using twelve equivalents of pyridine carboxyaldehyde (figure 17) also showed a multiplet in the 31P NMR. Benzaldehyde (12 eq.) Figure 16 The reaction scheme for and alternative preparation of 2. Carboxyaldehyde (12 eq.) Figure 17 The reaction scheme for compound 3. 2.2 Oxidation of Hexalophine and its derivatives The oxidation of hexalophine is of great interest due to the potential properties it may possess, such as it possessing photochromic properties which may lead to light gated pores. For this oxidation an excess of potassium hydroxide was used to create the anion before 50 equivalents of the classical oxidising agent potassium ferrocyanide (III) were used to perform a one electron oxidation to the radical species 6, a yellow to orange colour change is associated with the formation of the radical species. This radical species quickly dimerises and an orange to yellow colour change is associated with this. Upon irradiation with UV light (365nm) the dimer opens to form two radicals, the colour change associated with this was yellow to purple displaying the photochromic behaviour of this compound (figure 18). The radical species is stable for a number of hours in the solid state unless gentle heating is applied which induces dimerization again and the colour change of purple to yellow is a ssociated with this. FT-IR showed characteristic absorbances of CAr-H (2955cm-1), C-N (1301cm-1) and P=N (1198cm-1) which are present in the desired product. The thiophene hexalophine derivative 4 was also oxidised using the same classical oxidation conditions as above to form its radical species 7. Upon separation the system formed 3 layers, an organic layer, an aqueous layer and a solid substance formed which was soluble in neither. Both the organic layer and solid substance were irradiated with UV light to test for photochromic properties however neither displayed a colour change and thus further testing of this material via UV/Vis spectroscopy is required to determine its nature. Figure 18 A RBF containing the hexalophine dimer and radical, the purple is the radical species, the yellow is the dimer species. 3. Conclusions and further work The aim of this project was to synthesise and characterise functionalised porous organics based upon hexalophine as well as to perform oxidations to the radical species and study their properties such as photochromism. For the most part the aim of the project has been met as two derivatives of hexalophine (4 and 5) and hexalophine (2) itself have been synthesised from simple molecular building blocks and characterised using a range of spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, FT-IR and CHN analysis. The next step in the characterisation of these materials would be to gain crystal structures via x-ray crystallography to show the packing arrangement of these molecules and to prove the existence of pores with in the molecule created from the unique conformation of the phosphazene ring. Additionally, once crystal structures have been gained gas absorption test should be taken to test both the gas uptake properties and selectivity of certain gases. Yields for these experiments were quite low and the aldehyde reactions did not demonstrate full substitution onto the ring, one possible solution would be to try the reaction in a Parr pressure reactor. The oxidation of hexalophine was carried out with great success as the experiment demonstrated the proposed photochromic nature of the material, also the stability of this material with respect to air was very surprising. If possible crystal structures for this material should be obtained in order to investigate further the possibility of light gated pores which when the molecule is in the dimer form are closed but once in the radical form are open. 4. Experimental details 4.0 Ma